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ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

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Tilda Publishing

ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

Hydrogels in concrete: evolution from internal curing agents to intelligent systems

V. A. Poluektova, N. A. Shapovalov

The paper presents a systematic analysis of various hydrogel generations, demonstrating the evolution of this technology in concrete materials science. The mechanisms of classical superabsorbent polymer (SAP) influence on the cement matrix microstructure and autogenous shrinkage mitigation are examined. The review substantiates that strength loss is often a consequence of incorrect effective water-to-cement ratio calculations rather than the destructive effect of the polymer itself. It is shown that to fundamentally resolve this issue, interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN) and hydrogel nano-reinforcement technologies have been developed. The advantages of second-generation “smart” systems are presented. In particular, the use of thermo-responsive polymers (PNIPAM) contributes to improving fresh concrete rheology, while hydrophobic hydrogels reduce ion permeability and provide corrosion protection. The application of cellulose-based hydrogels enhances frost resistance, and the introduction of ion-responsive systems (CaAlg) opens up possibilities for concrete self-healing. An analysis of artificial neural network (ANN) usage as an essential tool for modeling nonlinear dependencies and mix design of complex multifactorial composites is conducted. The results confirm that hydrogel integration allows transforming concrete into an intelligent material with predictable durability and performance characteristics.

Keywords: hydrogels in concrete, internal curing, superabsorbent polymers (SAP), interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN), thermo-responsive polymers, self-healing concrete, artificial neural networks.

DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2026-9-5-24

Reference citing:
Poluektova V.A., Shapovalov N.A. Gidrogeli v betone: evolyuciya ot vnutrennego otverditelya k intellektual'nym sistemam [Hydrogels in concrete: evolution from internal curing agents to intelligent systems]. Perspektivnye Materialy [Advanced Materials] (in Russ), 2026, no. 9, pp. 5 – 24. DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2026-9-5-24

ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

The effect of mechanical activation on the synthesis and electrochemical properties
of lithium-iron phosphate

M. A. Beshkarev, I. A. Putsylov, S. E. Smirnov

An original method of synthesis of lithium-iron phosphate has been developed, which includes the following stages: 1 — heat treatment of a mixture of iron oxide (Fe2O3) and ammonium dihydrophosphate at a temperature of 400 °C for 4 hours in a vacuum muffle furnace in an argon atmosphere, 2 — mechanoactivation of iron phosphate in a planetary mill, 3 — heat treatment of the precursor at a temperature of 820 °C for 2 hours in a vacuum muffle furnace in an argon atmosphere. .It has been shown that there are optimal conditions for mechanoactivation that allow the final product to contain about 99,5 % lithium-iron phosphate in a highly dispersed state. The tests conducted showed that lithium-iron phosphate electrodes can be cycled reversibly at a load current of 0.2 and 1.0 C, with a decrease in the specific discharge capacity of 0.03 and 0.08 mA·h·g–1 per cycle, respectively. When discharged to a potential of 2.5 V (relative to the lithium electrode), the specific capacity of the electrode after 110 charge-discharge cycles is 163 mA·h·g–1 at a current of 0.2 C and 136 mA·h·g–1 at a current of 1.0 C. The electrodes based on synthesized lithium-iron phosphate have a specific capacity and stability comparable to those of known analogues, making them promising for use in lithium batteries.

Keywords: synthesis, mechanical activation, lithium–iron phosphate, electrode, planetary mill, phase analysis.

DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2026-9-25-30

Reference citing:
Beshkarev M.A., Putsylov I.A., Smirnov S.E. Vliyanie mekhanoaktivacii na sintez i elektrohimicheskie svojstva fosfata litiya-zheleza [The effect of mechanical activation on the synthesis and electrochemical properties of lithium-iron phosphate]. Perspektivnye Materialy [Advanced Materials] (in Russ), 2026, no. 9, pp. 25 – 30. DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2026-9-25-30

ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

Development of a permanent magnet from a hard magnetic material based on an fe – cr – co alloy with enhanced magnetic properties, operating under high mechanical loads

K. L. Sergeev, D. A. Razin, S. S. Shumkin, A. S. Perminov, D. M. Abashev

The article presents the results of climatic and mechanical tests on permanent magnets made from a magnet-hard material based on the Fe – Cr – Co alloy system (alloy grade 30Х23КА according to GOST 24897-81) for use in high-precision navigation systems operating under conditions of increased requirements for external influencing factors. The aim of the study was to investigate newly developed magnets and confirm the stability of their magnetic properties under the influence of climatic and mechanical factors. The permanent magnets presented in the article are a modification of products manufactured according to Technical Specifications (TS) bLO.777.177 and exhibit a higher magnetic flux (240 µWb compared to 210 µWb in the TS). During the tests, the magnets demonstrated resistance to external factors. Magnetic properties were measured using a fluxmeter series PROGRESS-LZ-840 with a connected measuring coil, while climatic tests were conducted in climate chambers, and mechanical tests were carried out on impact testing machines, vibration stands, and a rotating magnet test stand. The results of the tests are presented in the article.

Keywords: iron-chromium-cobalt, Fe – 30 Cr – 23 Co alloy, GOST 24897, magnetic flux, vibration resistance, impact strength, mechanical tests, thermal cycling, climatic tests.

DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2026-9-31-36

Reference citing:
Sergeev K.L., Razin D.A., Shumkin S.S., Perminov A.S., Abashev D.M. Razrabotka postoyannogo magnita iz magnitotverdogo materiala na osnove splava sistemy Fe – Cr – Co s povyshennymi magnitnymi svojstvami, rabotayushchego pri vysokih mekhanicheskih nagruzkah [Development of a permanent magnet from a hard magnetic material based on an fe – cr – co alloy with enhanced magnetic properties, operating under high mechanical loads]. Perspektivnye Materialy [Advanced Materials] (in Russ), 2026, no. 9, pp. 31 – 36. DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2026-9-31-36

ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

Friction treatment of Ni – 20 % FeCrMnNiCSi steel coating on a cylindrical steel substrate

V. I. Kalita, D. I. Komlev, A. A. Radyuk, K. Iu. Demin, A. B. Mikhailova

Have developed and investigated process of plasma coatings frictional processing which have been spaying from a powder of a mechanical mix of nickel and 20 % steel FeCrMnNiCSi on a cylindrical steel substrate. Processing have executed on the lathe. Key parametres of frictional processing pressure of tools upon a coatings, 15 – 60 МPa, and linear speed of a coatings at rotation, 0,85 – 2,83 km/s, define capacity of process, and together with time define value of the performed work. The relation of this work to the track area defines temperature of a coatings to 1149 °С which defines possibility of coatings plastic deformation and its border with a substrate. Deformation strips destroy initial defective structure of a coatings, condense it. As a result of plastic deformation and oxidation of a coatings the microstructure contains in regular intervals distributed disperse oxides.

Keywords: plasma coatings, frictional processing, capacity, cylindrical substrate, powder, Ni – FeCrMnNiCSi steel, microhardness, microstructure, deformation strips.

DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2026-9-37-49

Reference citing:
Kalita V.I., Komlev D.I., Radyuk A.A., Demin K.Iu., Mikhailova A.B. Frikcionnaya obrabotka pokrytiya Ni – 20 % stali FeCrMnNiCSi na cilindricheskoj stal'noj podlozhke [Friction treatment of Ni – 20 % FeCrMnNiCSi steel coating on a cylindrical steel substrate]. Perspektivnye Materialy [Advanced Materials] (in Russ), 2026, no. 9, pp. 37 – 49. DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2026-9-37-49

ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

Investigation of phase formation in a Ni+Al mixture during hot gas extrusion by reaction products quenching technique

F. F. Galiev, N. S. Shibakova, A. Yu. Malakhov

The paper presents a study of the structure and phase formation in a reactive Ni-Al powder mixture during hot gas extrusion inside a steel shell. The study of phase formation was carried out by the reaction products quenching technique, which consisted in forcibly stopping extrusion when samples were extruded to a length of 6, 14 and 60 mm. The reaction products quenching was obtained due to the removal of heat released during the reaction into the steel shell. It was found that the completeness of synthesis in a sample extruded to a length of 60 mm is higher than in samples extruded to 6 and 14 mm, which is due to the combined effects of external local heating and internal self-heating as a result of an exothermic reaction. It has been established that the dominant reaction mechanism in a Ni-Al powder mixture with the formation of intermetallics, realized under conditions of hot gas extrusion, is the dissolution of nickel in aluminum melt. Based on the results obtained, in order to increase the completeness of the synthesis, it was proposed to reduce the particle size of the initial nickel and/or use mechanical activation of the initial powder mixture.

Keywords: extrusion, hot gas extrusion, HGE, Ni-Al intermetallics, phase formation, SHS, reaction products quenching.

DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2026-9-50-60

Reference citing:
Galiev F.F., Shibakova N.S., Malakhov A.Yu. Issledovanie fazoobrazovaniya v smesi Ni+Al v processe goryachej gazovoj ekstruzii metodom zakalki produktov reakcii [Investigation of phase formation in a Ni+Al mixture during hot gas extrusion by reaction products quenching technique]. Perspektivnye Materialy [Advanced Materials] (in Russ), 2026, no. 9, pp. 50 – 60. DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2026-9-50-60

ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

Comparative study of the properties of xerogels, nanopowders and ceramic materials
in the CeO2-Nd2O3-Sm2O3 system obtained by different methods of liquid-phase synthesis

M. V. Kalinina, S. V. Myakin, T. V. Khamova, I. A. Polyakova, N. V. Farafonov, N. R. Loktyushkin

Two methods of liquid-phase synthesis: the method of joint precipitation of hydroxides and the method of joint crystallization of salts, were used to synthesize highly dispersed mesoporous powders in a multicomponent system: (CeO2)0.90(Nd2O3)0.05(Sm2O3)0.05; (CeO2)0.85(Nd2O3)0.05(Sm2O3)0.10; (CeO2)0.80(Nd2O3)0.05(Sm2O3)0.15, having a specific pore volume of 0.02 – 0.101 cm3/g and a specific surface area of 14 – 22 m2/g. Based on them, ceramic nanomaterials of the specified composition were obtained, which are cubic solid solutions of the fluorite type with an average crystallite size of ~ 48 – 83 nm, with an open porosity in the range of 2 – 19 %, and high apparent densities of 4.85 – 7.10 g/cm3. The synthesis conditions have a significant impact on the physical and chemical properties of ceramic electrolyte materials. It has been shown that the sintering additive ZnO affects the open porosity and density of ceramics obtained by two different synthesis methods in different ways: In the case of using the method of joint crystallization of salts, the open porosity decreased by ~ 8 times, and the density increased slightly. However, for samples synthesized by the method of co-precipitation of hydroxides, the porosity decreased by 1.5 times, which proves the selective effect of sintering additives. Based on their physical and chemical properties (density, open porosity, and OCP), the obtained ceramic materials are promising as solid oxide electrolytes for medium-temperature fuel cells.

Keywords: co-precipitation of hydroxides, joint crystallization of salts, nanopowders, porosity, density, and electrolyte materials.

DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2026-9-61-70

Reference citing:
Kalinina M.V., Myakin S.V., Khamova T.V., Polyakova I.A., Farafonov N.V., Loktyushkin N.R. Sravnitel'noe issledovanie svojstv kserogelej, nanoporoshkov i keramicheskih materialov v sisteme SeO2–Nd2O3–Sm2O3, poluchennyh raznymi metodami zhidkofaznogo sinteza [Comparative study of the properties of xerogels, nanopowders and ceramic materials in the CeO₂-Nd₂O₃-Sm₂O₃ system obtained by different methods of liquid-phase synthesis]. Perspektivnye Materialy [Advanced Materials] (in Russ), 2026, no. 9, pp. 61 – 70. DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2026-9-61-70

ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

Study of the structure of tungsten trioxide obtained by the sublimation method

A. B. Ankudinov, E. V. Evstratov, A.G. Gnedovets

The process of thermal evaporation (sublimation) – condensation of tungsten trioxide in a vacuum quartz tube using WO3 powder as the starting material under conditions of elevated sublimation temperatures when heating a horizontal tubular furnace up to 1300 °C has been studied. A distinctive feature of this process was the simultaneous film deposition and gas-phase synthesis of powdered tungsten trioxide. The structure and phase composition of the vapor condensation products were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The morphology of the film deposited on a nickel substrate included three main structural elements: bulk crystalline particles, one-dimensional nanorods, and bundles of closely packed nanorods. The local structure of the film varied depending on the distance from the furnace heating zone. The powder consisted of faceted micron-sized particles. It was established that the deposited film and the powder condensate were represented by the monoclinic phase of tungsten trioxide γ-WO3. A qualitative analysis of the factors influencing the morphology of the deposited structures was performed.

Keywords: tungsten trioxide, thermal evaporation, sublimation, film deposition, powder, structure.

DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2026-9-71-80

Reference citing:
Ankudinov A.B., Evstratov E.V., Gnedovets A.G. Issledovanie struktury trioksida vol'frama, poluchennogo metodom sublimacii [Study of the structure of tungsten trioxide obtained by the sublimation method]. Perspektivnye Materialy [Advanced Materials] (in Russ), 2026, no. 9, pp. 71 – 80. DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2026-9-71-80

ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

Changes in the impurity composition of monogermane during
its isotopic enrichment by ultracentrifugation

S. A. Adamchik, A. Yu. Sozin, A. D. Bulanov, D. G. Aref’ev,
S. M. Zyryanov, A. A. Palienko, V. P. Sovach

The impurity composition of monogermanes of natural isotopic composition, as well as isotopically enriched ones, 70GeH4, 72GeH4, 73GeH4, 74GeH4, and 76GeH4 with enrichment of 88.14 – 99.99 mol. %, was studied using chromato-mass spectrometry. Differences in the content of molecular impurities in them, reaching several orders of magnitude, associated with their separation during ultracentrifugation, were recorded. It was found that the content of impurities with a molecular weight of less than 80 amu is highest in 70GeH4, and impurities with a molecular weight of more than 80 amu is highest in 76GeH4.

Key words: impurity composition, isotopically enriched monogermanes, ultracentrifugation, separation.

DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2026-9-81-88

Reference citing:
Adamchik S.A., Sozin A.Yu., Bulanov A.D., Aref’ev D.G., Zyryanov S.M., Palienko A.A., Sovach V.P. Izmenenie primesnogo sostava monogermana v processe ego izotopnogo obogashcheniya metodom ul'tracentrifugirovaniya [Changes in the impurity composition of monogermane during its isotopic enrichment by ultracentrifugation]. Perspektivnye Materialy [Advanced Materials] (in Russ), 2026, no. 9, pp. 81 – 88. DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2026-9-81-88